一、概述
近(jin)幾年來(lai),隨著石(shi)油在(zai)高速增長的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟中所占的(de)(de)(de)地位越來(lai)越重要(yao)(yao),石(shi)油工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)規(gui)模也在(zai)不(bu)斷增加(jia),在(zai)項目(mu)建(jian)設(she)(she)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中,如何(he)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)投資(zi)(zi)(zi),達到(dao)總投資(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)超(chao)概(gai)算的(de)(de)(de)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)目(mu)標(biao),變得異常重要(yao)(yao)。眾(zhong)所周之,任何(he)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)都(dou)離(li)不(bu)開質量(liang)、進度(du)、投資(zi)(zi)(zi)這三(san)大(da)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)點(dian),如何(he)在(zai)保證質量(liang)和工(gong)期(qi)進度(du)的(de)(de)(de)前提下控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)已成為當前一個重要(yao)(yao)課題。長期(qi)以來(lai),對(dui)于工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi),人們普遍認(ren)為主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)在(zai)建(jian)設(she)(she)項目(mu)實施(shi)階(jie)段(duan)(duan),忽視建(jian)設(she)(she)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)各個環節的(de)(de)(de)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)理,錯誤的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)為工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)人力(li)、物力(li)、財力(li)的(de)(de)(de)投入(ru),控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)費用(yong)支出也就控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)了工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)。其(qi)實,工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)有多方面的(de)(de)(de)因素組成,投資(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)由(you)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)決策階(jie)段(duan)(duan)、項目(mu)實施(shi)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)算階(jie)段(duan)(duan),多節點(dian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi),才能達到(dao)既定(ding)目(mu)標(biao)。
二、項目前期階段
項目前期(qi)階(jie)段中合理控制工程造價,需從(cong)控制概算、大宗材料(liao)采購管理、施工單位確定等方面做起。
(1)控(kong)制(zhi)概(gai)算(suan),首先(xian)要(yao)深(shen)入現場(chang),搜(sou)集(ji)工(gong)程的有(you)關資(zi)料(liao),對(dui)工(gong)程進行(xing)多(duo)方(fang)案分析比(bi)較,從而提出最優(you)方(fang)案。最優(you)方(fang)案不(bu)僅在(zai)技(ji)術上要(yao)先(xian)進、可行(xing),而且在(zai)經濟上要(yao)合理(li)。一般(ban)來說,工(gong)程前(qian)期(qi)階段要(yao)詳細(xi)對(dui)現場(chang)進行(xing)踏勘(kan),不(bu)僅要(yao)有(you)技(ji)術人員(yuan)參與,更要(yao)有(you)經濟人員(yuan)隨同,要(yao)從征地賠償、設備選型(xing)、各項(xiang)評價、項(xiang)目施工(gong)、水工(gong)保護等方(fang)面詳細(xi)計列子項(xiang),做到概(gai)算(suan)不(bu)漏(lou)項(xiang)。
(2)嚴格大(da)(da)宗材(cai)料采購(gou)管理。對大(da)(da)宗材(cai)料、關鍵(jian)設備由業(ye)(ye)主(zhu)自行采購(gou),以降低采購(gou)價格,同(tong)時(shi)(shi)利于保證供貨質量(liang)。同(tong)時(shi)(shi),以嚴格規范的招標采辦為物資(zi)采辦的主(zhu)要(yao)形式,委托專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)機構進(jin)行物資(zi)采購(gou)供應專(zhuan)項管理,認真(zhen)制定物資(zi)采購(gou)和調(diao)撥計劃,提高物資(zi)中轉效率,減少(shao)物資(zi)倉儲管理成(cheng)本。
(3)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)確定(ding)。為適應大(da)型工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設項目管理,科學(xue)合(he)理有效地控制工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)投資,應當采用(yong)與國際(ji)慣例(li)接(jie)軌的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清單(dan)招(zhao)(zhao)投標(biao)(biao)模式,嚴格執行(xing)國家《建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清單(dan)計價(jia)規范》的(de)(de)規定(ding),較好(hao)地適應工(gong)(gong)(gong)期緊、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量大(da)的(de)(de)建設需(xu)求。近年來隨著(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清單(dan)招(zhao)(zhao)投標(biao)(biao)在石油工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)不斷應用(yong),遵照FIDIC合(he)同條款,針(zhen)對招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)實際(ji)情(qing)況(kuang),對招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)文件(jian)不斷地修改、完善,使(shi)(shi)招(zhao)(zhao)標(biao)(biao)文件(jian)更加規范科學(xue),使(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清單(dan)計價(jia)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量相對準(zhun)確、更具(ju)有可操作(zuo)性,同時加大(da)了業主和承包(bao)商共擔(dan)風險的(de)(de)力度(du)。
原油儲(chu)備油庫工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)招標(biao)(biao)(biao)所用工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)報(bao)價(jia)(jia)分(fen)別由(you)投標(biao)(biao)(biao)報(bao)價(jia)(jia)匯總表(biao)(biao)、施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)單(dan)(dan)項報(bao)價(jia)(jia)表(biao)(biao)、其他費用報(bao)價(jia)(jia)表(biao)(biao)、綜合單(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)分(fen)析表(biao)(biao)、其他費用報(bao)價(jia)(jia)明(ming)細(xi)表(biao)(biao)組成,并且對(dui)每(mei)張(zhang)表(biao)(biao)的填報(bao)要求作了嚴格規(gui)定(ding)和(he)詳細(xi)說明(ming)。在招標(biao)(biao)(biao)文(wen)件中,根(gen)據招標(biao)(biao)(biao)圖(tu)紙按照工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量計價(jia)(jia)特征(zheng)提供統一的工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan),此清(qing)(qing)(qing)單(dan)(dan)貫(guan)穿于招標(biao)(biao)(biao)投標(biao)(biao)(biao)全過程(cheng)和(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設全過程(cheng),并作為測算標(biao)(biao)(biao)底、投標(biao)(biao)(biao)報(bao)價(jia)(jia)、索賠與(yu)反(fan)索賠、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進度款支付等的統一依據。
為了防(fang)止不(bu)平(ping)衡報(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)及(ji)惡性報(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia),項(xiang)目部(bu)在(zai)招投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)過程(cheng)中引入(ru)了符合(he)(he)標(biao)底(di)的規定:復合(he)(he)標(biao)底(di)=業(ye)(ye)主標(biao)底(di)×50%+投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)單(dan)位(wei)有(you)效報(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)平(ping)均值×50%;復合(he)(he)單(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)=業(ye)(ye)主標(biao)底(di)單(dan)項(xiang)報(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)×50%+投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)單(dan)位(wei)單(dan)項(xiang)有(you)效報(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)平(ping)均值×50%;如果(guo)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)報(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)超出或低于各投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)單(dan)位(wei)報(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)平(ping)均值50%的投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)報(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)不(bu)作為復合(he)(he)標(biao)底(di)的計(ji)算(suan)依據。這樣投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)單(dan)位(wei)投(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)報(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)時(shi)就會慎重考(kao)慮,據實報(bao)(bao)(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)。
為體現公(gong)開(kai)、公(gong)正、公(gong)平的(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)原則(ze)(ze),在開(kai)標(biao)(biao)(biao)前(qian)需要制訂(ding)詳細的(de)(de)(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)程序(xu)和(he)(he)文(wen)件,規定評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)紀律和(he)(he)保密守則(ze)(ze)、細化(hua)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)分辦法和(he)(he)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準。通常以”綜(zong)合(he)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)估法“進(jin)行評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao),即商務標(biao)(biao)(biao)分值(zhi)占評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)總(zong)分的(de)(de)(de)60%,技術標(biao)(biao)(biao)分值(zhi)占評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)總(zong)分的(de)(de)(de)40% 。通過(guo)對(dui)投標(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)組織設(she)(she)計、業(ye)主關注(zhu)問題的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)議、投標(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)不可替代施(shi)工(gong)人(ren)員、設(she)(she)備(bei)和(he)(he)同(tong)類工(gong)程工(gong)作(zuo)經驗、商務報價的(de)(de)(de)合(he)理性和(he)(he)完整性等方(fang)面進(jin)行綜(zong)合(he)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價。
按(an)照上(shang)述(shu)招(zhao)標(biao)(biao)規定和評標(biao)(biao)細則所評出的中標(biao)(biao)候選(xuan)人,不但在施工技術方案(an)可行、設(she)備裝(zhuang)備優良(liang)、施工業績突出,而且報(bao)價處于中等偏低的水平,體現了國際通行的”合理低價中標(biao)(biao)”原則。
通過(guo)推廣工(gong)(gong)程量清(qing)單招標,可有(you)效地降(jiang)低(di)和控制工(gong)(gong)程投資,提(ti)高工(gong)(gong)程造價管理(li)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的水平(ping)(ping),有(you)效地實現(xian)“公(gong)平(ping)(ping)競爭(zheng)、風險合理(li)分擔、投資的合理(li)控制、提(ti)高工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)效率提(ti)高施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業的技術和管理(li)水平(ping)(ping)等(deng)項(xiang)目管理(li)目標。
三、項目實施階(jie)段
首先,嚴(yan)格合(he)同管理,保(bao)證(zheng)工程投資的有(you)效控制。
1)所有合同(tong)必須經過(guo)合同(tong)管理系統流轉審批,嚴格合同(tong)會簽制度,廣泛征求意見,避免(mian)合同(tong)條款的漏(lou)洞給成本控制帶來風險(xian)。
2)合同(tong)應由專人負責保管(guan),專人負責所有工程合同(tong)的審核、保管(guan)、存檔(dang)工作。
3)施工、監(jian)理、設計等合(he)同(tong)(tong),均由造(zao)價(jia)(jia)部(bu)門(men)(men)負(fu)責組織(zhi)會審、談(tan)判和簽訂;征地合(he)同(tong)(tong)以及其他等合(he)同(tong)(tong),可以由業務(wu)主管部(bu)門(men)(men)負(fu)責組織(zhi),必要時造(zao)價(jia)(jia)部(bu)門(men)(men)應參與合(he)同(tong)(tong)談(tan)判過程。
4)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)會(hui)簽記錄(lu)、合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)變(bian)更備(bei)忘錄(lu)、合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)價(jia)格的形成依(yi)據等原始記錄(lu)要隨合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)一起保(bao)管,做到合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)責任的可追蹤(zong)性。對于談(tan)判發包(bao)的合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong),談(tan)判過(guo)程的書(shu)面記錄(lu)應(ying)作(zuo)為(wei)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)依(yi)據隨合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)保(bao)存。談(tan)判過(guo)程中的報價(jia)文件應(ying)由工程經濟專(zhuan)業人員簽署和蓋章(zhang),作(zuo)為(wei)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)組(zu)成部分保(bao)存。
其次,控(kong)制(zhi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)階段的(de)設計(ji)(ji)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng),減少變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)引起的(de)索(suo)賠(pei)給工(gong)(gong)(gong)程成本過程控(kong)制(zhi)帶來(lai)的(de)不確(que)定(ding)性(xing)。制(zhi)定(ding)嚴格的(de)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)、簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)管(guan)理程序,明(ming)確(que)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)責任(ren),避免承包商的(de)不合(he)(he)理索(suo)賠(pei)和虛(xu)假索(suo)賠(pei)。對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程量(liang)較大的(de)現(xian)場(chang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程量(liang)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)的(de)索(suo)賠(pei)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng),應(ying)由工(gong)(gong)(gong)程專業人員在(zai)現(xian)場(chang)進行(xing)確(que)認。對索(suo)賠(pei)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)的(de)時(shi)效性(xing),在(zai)合(he)(he)同中作出明(ming)確(que)規定(ding),特別是隱蔽工(gong)(gong)(gong)程和土建工(gong)(gong)(gong)程等事后(hou)難以準(zhun)確(que)計(ji)(ji)量(liang)的(de)項(xiang)目(mu),簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)人員要(yao)在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)前、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中進行(xing)現(xian)場(chang)核(he)查測量(liang),變(bian)更(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)項(xiang)目(mu)完成后(hou)及(ji)時(shi)進行(xing)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)確(que)認。
再次,由于大(da)型(xing)工(gong)程項目一般(ban)均為跨年(nian)度(du)工(gong)程,所以要(yao)認(ren)真(zhen)編(bian)制年(nian)度(du)投資(zi)計(ji)劃(hua),制定科學合理的資(zi)金使(shi)用需求計(ji)劃(hua),認(ren)真(zhen)編(bian)制季度(du)投資(zi)計(ji)劃(hua)。根據工(gong)程項目的進度(du)分析編(bian)報月度(du)資(zi)金計(ji)劃(hua),做(zuo)到既保證資(zi)金的及時(shi)到位(wei)又(you)最大(da)限度(du)地(di)減(jian)少(shao)流動資(zi)金的占用。
最(zui)后,嚴格執行(xing)目(mu)標成本(ben)責(ze)任制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),根據(ju)工程(cheng)(cheng)總造價,采取指標分解的方式(shi)對(dui)工程(cheng)(cheng)概(gai)(gai)算(suan)和(he)各項費用(yong)進行(xing)指標控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),并(bing)將(jiang)目(mu)標成本(ben)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責(ze)任落實到(dao)部(bu)門、落實到(dao)崗位、落實到(dao)個人,使工程(cheng)(cheng)成本(ben)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)達到(dao)全員管理、全過程(cheng)(cheng)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),保證(zheng)工程(cheng)(cheng)概(gai)(gai)算(suan)的完成。
四、項目結(jie)算階段
工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)決算審核是一項(xiang)十(shi)分(fen)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo),它直(zhi)接(jie)關系到甲乙雙(shuang)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟利(li)益(yi)。對建設單(dan)位(wei)來說,要(yao)(yao)精(jing)打細(xi)算,盡(jin)可能降(jiang)低工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia);對施工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)而言,為(wei)了(le)(le)追求經濟效益(yi),通常(chang)多報結算以增(zeng)加(jia)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)。因(yin)此(ci)(ci),從某種意義(yi)來講,工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)決算審核實際上(shang)是雙(shuang)方(fang)技術能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)較量。建設單(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)預算人員(yuan),不但要(yao)(yao)熟練(lian)掌(zhang)(zhang)握(wo)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量計算規則、定(ding)(ding)(ding)額子目的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)成(cheng)內(nei)容和套用規定(ding)(ding)(ding)、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)計算程(cheng)(cheng)序,而且還要(yao)(yao)掌(zhang)(zhang)握(wo)三者的(de)(de)(de)(de)編制原(yuan)理(li)、內(nei)在聯系,唯此(ci)(ci)在應用中(zhong)才能融會貫通、得(de)心(xin)應手(shou)。此(ci)(ci)外,造價(jia)人員(yuan)還應有一定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技術知識,既能對現場(chang)施工(gong)提出(chu)合(he)理(li)化建議,又可對簽證中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不合(he)理(li)因(yin)素提出(chu)質疑。另外,造價(jia)人員(yuan)還要(yao)(yao)有耐心(xin)細(xi)致的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)作(zuo)風,經常(chang)下(xia)工(gong)地了(le)(le)解現場(chang)情況,掌(zhang)(zhang)握(wo)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)動態。
五、結論
根據(ju)上述分析我們可以看出,造(zao)價(jia)控(kong)(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)各個環節均(jun)會對(dui)工程造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成(cheng)產(chan)生(sheng)影響,只有(you)在(zai)項目建設的(de)(de)(de)各個階(jie)段,采用(yong)科學的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)價(jia)方法和切合實際的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)價(jia)依據(ju),細(xi)化初步設計(ji)(ji)概算,利用(yong)清單報價(jia)進(jin)行招投標、嚴格合同(tong)管理(li)與材料管理(li)環節,據(ju)實控(kong)(kong)制變更簽證,合理(li)進(jin)行結算,才能對(dui)工程造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成(cheng)具有(you)決定性作(zuo)用(yong),控(kong)(kong)制好這(zhe)幾(ji)個環節就能有(you)效控(kong)(kong)制造(zao)價(jia)。
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