導語：當下全(quan)球經濟(ji)一體化(hua)(hua)帶來的(de)不穩(wen)定(ding)環境中，做(zuo)好企(qi)業(ye)的(de)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理工作(zuo)是至關重(zhong)要的(de)。為此，我們要搭建一套全(quan)面(mian)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理框(kuang)架，結構化(hua)(hua)地應對風(feng)險(xian)問題，提高風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理意識，優化(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)理體系，從而保障企(qi)業(ye)穩(wen)健發展。那么企(qi)業(ye)全(quan)面(mian)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理到底涵蓋哪(na)些內容(rong)呢(ni)？讓我們一起來了解(jie)一下。
一、全面風(feng)險管理的(de)概念解讀：
國(guo)資委定(ding)義全面風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)為：企業在經營目標(biao)的指(zhi)引下，通過管(guan)理(li)流程(cheng)的各個環節執行(xing)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)流程(cheng)，培(pei)育風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)文化，建立(li)全面的風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)系。這個體(ti)系包括風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)策略、風(feng)(feng)險(xian)控制(zhi)措施、風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)組織職能體(ti)系等。它的目標(biao)是確保企業穩(wen)定(ding)地應對各種風(feng)(feng)險(xian)挑戰。
二、企業(ye)在(zai)全面風險管(guan)理工作中遇(yu)到的問題(ti)：
近年來，國(guo)內外(wai)經(jing)濟(ji)環(huan)境(jing)復(fu)(fu)雜多變，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)面臨(lin)的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)愈發嚴峻(jun)和(he)復(fu)(fu)雜。許多原(yuan)本隱(yin)形的(de)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)逐漸轉化為現實(shi)危機。這其中有幾個主(zhu)要問題尤為突出：首先是(shi)對風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理的(de)重視程(cheng)度不(bu)(bu)夠；其次是(shi)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)意(yi)識定位不(bu)(bu)準(zhun)確(que)，導致體(ti)系(xi)運行(xing)不(bu)(bu)暢；最(zui)后是(shi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)未(wei)能將(jiang)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理有效融(rong)入現有管(guan)(guan)(guan)理體(ti)系(xi)中。這些問題的(de)根源在于企(qi)(qi)業(ye)未(wei)能明確(que)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理的(de)定位和(he)重要性，未(wei)能將(jiang)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理理念(nian)與業(ye)務流程(cheng)相結合。對此企(qi)(qi)業(ye)要有清晰的(de)認知和(he)重視。
三、針對這(zhe)些(xie)問題，有以下建(jian)議(yi)與策略(lve)：
清晰定位風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)是首要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)任務(wu)，應(ying)視為(wei)高(gao)層(ceng)領(ling)導(dao)和核心業(ye)(ye)務(wu)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)。讓(rang)各(ge)部門清楚(chu)自己在(zai)(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)中的(de)(de)角色和職責。建(jian)立獎懲(cheng)制(zhi)度來(lai)激(ji)勵(li)員(yuan)工(gong)主動發(fa)(fa)現(xian)和防(fang)控(kong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。建(jian)立與(yu)績效(xiao)考核相(xiang)掛(gua)鉤(gou)的(de)(de)獎懲(cheng)制(zhi)度鼓勵(li)員(yuan)工(gong)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)并(bing)提(ti)出防(fang)控(kong)策略是保障(zhang)(zhang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)關鍵。風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)不僅僅要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)停留在(zai)(zai)(zai)理(li)(li)(li)(li)論(lun)上更(geng)需(xu)落實(shi)到實(shi)際(ji)(ji)操作(zuo)中去比(bi)如要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對流程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)行嚴格監控(kong)對可能出現(xian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)環(huan)節(jie)做出預案以保障(zhang)(zhang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)運營的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)穩定。此外企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)與(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)機融合注重(zhong)實(shi)際(ji)(ji)效(xiao)果風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)不應(ying)僅僅停留在(zai)(zai)(zai)滿足監管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)層(ceng)面(mian)而應(ying)成為(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)長效(xiao)工(gong)作(zuo)機制(zhi)讓(rang)各(ge)部門主動參與(yu)到風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)中去實(shi)現(xian)事前(qian)防(fang)范和事中控(kong)制(zhi)達到風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)成本效(xiao)益(yi)*化(hua)(hua)。最后提(ti)升風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)文化(hua)(hua)強化(hua)(hua)全(quan)員(yuan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)意(yi)識企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)離(li)不開(kai)文化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)引領(ling)在(zai)(zai)(zai)全(quan)面(mian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)將風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)理(li)(li)(li)(li)念融入企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)文化(hua)(hua)中樹立全(quan)員(yuan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)意(yi)識形(xing)成全(quan)員(yuan)參與(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)良好局面(mian)。 四、關于企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)具體問題與(yu)解決思路：企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中常常面(mian)臨三大(da)問題包括缺乏全(quan)生(sheng)命周(zhou)期風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)控(kong)制(zhi)概念基(ji)礎信(xin)息缺失導(dao)致過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)安(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)推進(jin)(jin)困難識別(bie)(bie)不出重(zhong)大(da)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)以及風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)沒有(you)分(fen)級管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)等問題這些問題的(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)使得(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)推進(jin)(jin)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中面(mian)臨較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)困難為(wei)此我們需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)重(zhong)視并(bing)識別(bie)(bie)出裝置全(quan)生(sheng)命周(zhou)期中的(de)(de)重(zhong)大(da)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)對全(quan)生(sheng)命周(zhou)期進(jin)(jin)行全(quan)面(mian)了解并(bing)加強基(ji)礎信(xin)息的(de)(de)保存和管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)確保過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)安(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)推進(jin)(jin)同(tong)(tong)時加強重(zhong)大(da)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)識別(bie)(bie)和分(fen)級管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)確保企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)能夠及時發(fa)(fa)現(xian)并(bing)應(ying)對重(zhong)大(da)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)隱患以保障(zhang)(zhang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)穩定發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。總的(de)(de)來(lai)說(shuo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)全(quan)球經(jing)濟一(yi)(yi)體化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)背(bei)景下企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)全(quan)面(mian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作(zuo)顯得(de)尤為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)通過(guo)建(jian)立完善的(de)(de)體系(xi)和方法來(lai)提(ti)升企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)能力和促進(jin)(jin)健康發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)是非(fei)常重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)時也(ye)是對企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)未來(lai)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)負責的(de)(de)明智選擇之一(yi)(yi)。",這些都是對于未來(lai)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)而言的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)實(shi)踐舉措，非(fei)常值(zhi)得(de)落實(shi)執行。工(gong)藝危害分(fen)析(xi)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)漏(lou)洞與(yu)改進(jin)(jin)策略
一、工藝(yi)危害分析(xi)的漏洞
在(zai)(zai)工藝危害分(fen)析的(de)初期階(jie)段(duan)，企(qi)業往(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)存在(zai)(zai)參與度不足的(de)問題。具體來(lai)說，企(qi)業可研、設(she)計(ji)階(jie)段(duan)作為關(guan)鍵階(jie)段(duan)，應當輸出大量(liang)文件資(zi)料，但很多企(qi)業在(zai)(zai)此階(jie)段(duan)的(de)工藝危害分(fen)析并不充分(fen)。技術人員往(wang)(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)(wang)將設(she)計(ji)任(ren)務交給(gei)設(she)計(ji)院，評(ping)價(jia)任(ren)務交給(gei)評(ping)價(jia)公司(si)，甚(shen)至有的(de)企(qi)業安全管理人員無法(fa)看懂PID圖(tu)。這導致大量(liang)的(de)風險(xian)在(zai)(zai)設(she)計(ji)階(jie)段(duan)就被隱藏(zang)起來(lai)，直到裝(zhuang)置(zhi)建設(she)完成(cheng)并進入運行階(jie)段(duan)，處理成(cheng)本急劇上升。
運行(xing)階段的(de)(de)(de)工藝危害(hai)(hai)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)也存在流程(cheng)漏洞。盡管運行(xing)階段常使用SCL檢查表(biao)和(he)JHA/JSA分(fen)(fen)析(xi)表(biao)來辨識設備設施風險和(he)作(zuo)業過(guo)程(cheng)風險，但很多企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)流程(cheng)管理(li)混亂(luan)。責任(ren)人分(fen)(fen)配任(ren)務至部門、部門再派給車間、班長等(deng)操作(zuo)工，整(zheng)個(ge)過(guo)程(cheng)缺乏統一的(de)(de)(de)辨識分(fen)(fen)析(xi)方法和(he)風險基準。這導致操作(zuo)人員雖然經(jing)驗(yan)豐富(fu)，但對標準的(de)(de)(de)理(li)解(jie)和(he)掌(zhang)握能力不足，從(cong)而影響(xiang)工藝危害(hai)(hai)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)的(de)(de)(de)全面性和(he)準確性。
風(feng)(feng)險管理(li)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)管理(li)部(bu)(bu)門職責(ze)錯位也是一個問題。企業(ye)對于(yu)專(zhuan)業(ye)部(bu)(bu)門在(zai)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)信息管理(li)和(he)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)危害分析(xi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)職責(ze)定(ding)位不清晰，導致(zhi)過程安全(quan)管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)效果不佳。很多企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)部(bu)(bu)門并不了解(jie)安全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)理(li)論，也未掌握風(feng)(feng)險辨識的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)方法如失效概率、后果模(mo)擬等。
二、改進措施
在加強過程(cheng)安全管理的(de)工作中，企業應(ying)首先對工藝安全信息管理進行改進。要補齊(qi)之前欠下的(de)賬目，對有問題的(de)反(fan)應(ying)風(feng)險評估(gu)和(he)HAZOP分析進行重新(xin)審視并采取相(xiang)應(ying)措施。要確保所(suo)有相(xiang)關資料(liao)保存完整齊(qi)全并為企業人員所(suo)熟(shu)悉和(he)應(ying)用，尤其要防止資料(liao)的(de)丟(diu)失和(he)失散。
要(yao)重點關注(zhu)重大風險(xian)的監(jian)控(kong)。企業(ye)負責人(ren)應意識(shi)到最可(ke)能發(fa)生事故的部位或環(huan)節及其(qi)(qi)可(ke)能造成的損失(shi)，并(bing)制(zhi)定相(xiang)應的控(kong)制(zhi)措施(shi)(shi)。這些措施(shi)(shi)應包括工程、技(ji)術、個(ge)體防(fang)護、保護層等(deng)(deng)方面的要(yao)求(qiu)。企業(ye)的一把手應負責*的風險(xian)管(guan)(guan)控(kong)措施(shi)(shi)的落實(shi)，并(bing)以此類推給其(qi)(qi)他管(guan)(guan)理(li)層級。應明確責任人(ren)按照什么頻次進行(xing)排查和(he)模擬管(guan)(guan)控(kong)措施(shi)(shi)失(shi)效的事故演練等(deng)(deng)要(yao)求(qiu)。
還需要盡快梳理風(feng)險(xian)(xian)辨識(shi)的(de)(de)流程并對相關人(ren)員進行培(pei)訓。企(qi)業應(ying)抽調(diao)人(ren)員成立風(feng)險(xian)(xian)辨識(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)組并進行集中培(pei)訓。這(zhe)個小(xiao)(xiao)組的(de)(de)主要任務是統一企(qi)業的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)可接受基準、風(feng)險(xian)(xian)辨識(shi)分析工具選用、風(feng)險(xian)(xian)分析輸(shu)出內容等(deng)標準。專(zhuan)業部門應(ying)負責(ze)其專(zhuan)業范圍內的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)辨識(shi)和隱患排(pai)查治理工作。企(qi)業還應(ying)培(pei)養自(zi)身的(de)(de)技術力量以進行高難度的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)辨識(shi)工作如SIL評(ping)估和HAZOP分析等(deng)。
三(san)、其(qi)他(ta)管理風險的(de)概述(shu)
除了上述提到的(de)工藝(yi)危害分析外，企業管(guan)理還面臨戰(zhan)略規劃風(feng)險、運營風(feng)險、財務風(feng)險和人事(shi)風(feng)險等多個方面的(de)挑戰(zhan)。這些(xie)風(feng)險的(de)識(shi)別、評估和應對都是(shi)企業管(guan)理中不可(ke)或缺的(de)部(bu)分。企業需要建(jian)立一套(tao)完善(shan)的(de)風(feng)險管(guan)理體系來確保其(qi)穩健發(fa)展。
四、結語
企(qi)業在(zai)工藝危(wei)害分析(xi)和(he)風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理方面還存在(zai)諸(zhu)多問(wen)題需要(yao)改(gai)進和(he)完善。只有建(jian)立一套有效的風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理體(ti)系并(bing)實施科學的風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理措施才能確保企(qi)業的安全(quan)和(he)穩(wen)定發展。
注(zhu)：本文章僅供參(can)考之用，不構(gou)成具(ju)體解(jie)決方案(an)或操作指南。對于涉及(ji)具(ju)體問題和情(qing)境的情(qing)況應用時需謹慎斟酌并結合(he)實際情(qing)況進行相應調整和補充。
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