一、企(qi)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)臨(lin)的(de)(de)(de)挑戰相關(guan)內容 1. 從客(ke)戶需求到(dao)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)表現(xian)(xian) - 在當今企(qi)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)活(huo)動中(zhong)，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應鏈一體化(hua)是(shi)重(zhong)要趨勢(shi)。企(qi)業(ye)(ye)要關(guan)注客(ke)戶之聲（VOC），并將其(qi)與(yu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)表現(xian)(xian)相聯系。因為供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)表現(xian)(xian)直接影響(xiang)到(dao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)能否滿足客(ke)戶需求。例(li)如(ru)，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)接收(shou)到(dao)客(ke)戶對產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)貨期等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)要求，而(er)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)原材料(liao)或(huo)(huo)零部件的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)貨及(ji)時性(xing)等(deng)都會(hui)(hui)影響(xiang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)對客(ke)戶需求的(de)(de)(de)響(xiang)應。如(ru)果供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)部件經常延(yan)遲(chi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)貨或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)不穩(wen)定，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)就難以向客(ke)戶提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)高(gao)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)和(he)(he)(he)及(ji)時的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)付服務。 - 供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)管理已成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為企(qi)業(ye)(ye)核心競爭(zheng)力之一。就像(xiang)豐田汽車生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)模式，其(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)功建(jian)立在可(ke)靠、強而(er)穩(wen)的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)體系之上。企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)營運模式和(he)(he)(he)績效(xiao)很大程度上取決于供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。例(li)如(ru)，一個(ge)制造企(qi)業(ye)(ye)如(ru)果供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)原材料(liao)總(zong)是(shi)有缺(que)陷，會(hui)(hui)導致(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)效(xiao)率(lv)降低，增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)，甚至(zhi)影響(xiang)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)市場競爭(zheng)力。 2. 成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)與(yu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)考量(liang)(liang)(liang) - 企(qi)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)存和(he)(he)(he)發展過程中(zhong)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)是(shi)否滿意是(shi)個(ge)重(zhong)要問題，其(qi)中(zhong)包括工資成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、缺(que)陷成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)、商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)務成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)等(deng)。在質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系上，傳(chuan)統觀(guan)(guan)念和(he)(he)(he)現(xian)(xian)代觀(guan)(guan)念有很大不同。傳(chuan)統觀(guan)(guan)念認為提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)會(hui)(hui)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)，而(er)現(xian)(xian)代觀(guan)(guan)念認識(shi)到(dao)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)升可(ke)以帶來長期的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)節約。例(li)如(ru)，通過預(yu)防性(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)保證方(fang)法，雖(sui)然在前(qian)期可(ke)能有一定投入，但(dan)從長期看(kan)可(ke)以減少因質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)問題導致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)廢品(pin)、返工和(he)(he)(he)保修(xiu)等(deng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)。從質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)分布來看(kan)，故(gu)障(zhang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)往往占(zhan)比(bi)*，像(xiang)廢品(pin)率(lv)37%、返工率(lv)23%、保修(xiu)/優惠占(zhan)40%等(deng)情況，這(zhe)就更凸顯了(le)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)高(gao)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要性(xing)。
二、供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)開發(fa)和評定 1. 過(guo)程(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li) - 過(guo)程(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)是評估供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)面。這包括供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)效(xiao)率、穩(wen)定性(xing)等。例(li)(li)如(ru)(ru)，一(yi)個(ge)(ge)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)是否(fou)(fou)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)在(zai)(zai)規定的(de)(de)時間(jian)內生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)出(chu)(chu)足夠(gou)數量(liang)(liang)且質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)合(he)格的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)。如(ru)(ru)果供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)經(jing)常(chang)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)中(zhong)斷、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)速度慢(man)等問題，就(jiu)難以滿足企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)一(yi)些對(dui)(dui)交貨(huo)期(qi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)來說，供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)直(zhi)接關系到企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)計(ji)劃(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)否(fou)(fou)順利執行。 2. 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li) - 供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)決定了其(qi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)否(fou)(fou)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)出(chu)(chu)符合(he)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)。例(li)(li)如(ru)(ru)，在(zai)(zai)高(gao)科技(ji)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)中(zhong)，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)具備(bei)先進的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術來制造(zao)高(gao)精度的(de)(de)零(ling)部(bu)件(jian)。如(ru)(ru)果供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術落后，可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)無法達到企(qi)(qi)業(ye)對(dui)(dui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)規格、性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)等方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。而且，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)強的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)更有可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)創新方(fang)(fang)面與企(qi)(qi)業(ye)進行合(he)作，共(gong)同開發(fa)出(chu)(chu)更具競爭力(li)(li)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)。 3. 質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)體系 - 供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)體系是衡(heng)(heng)量(liang)(liang)其(qi)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)保證能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)關鍵。像(xiang)ISO 9001質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)體系標準(zhun)就(jiu)是一(yi)個(ge)(ge)常(chang)見的(de)(de)衡(heng)(heng)量(liang)(liang)依據(ju)。一(yi)個(ge)(ge)完善的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)體系能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)確保供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)在(zai)(zai)原材料采購、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)、產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)檢驗等各個(ge)(ge)環節都進行有效(xiao)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制。例(li)(li)如(ru)(ru)，通過(guo)建立質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)體系，供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)可(ke)以規范生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)流程(cheng)，對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)關鍵控(kong)(kong)制點進行嚴(yan)格監(jian)控(kong)(kong)，從而保證產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)穩(wen)定性(xing)。
三、衡(heng)量(liang)(liang)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang) 1. 品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)結果的(de)(de)(de)衡(heng)量(liang)(liang) - 產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)測定 - 這是直接評(ping)(ping)估(gu)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)可以(yi)(yi)通過對(dui)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)提供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品進(jin)行(xing)各種(zhong)檢(jian)測、試(shi)驗等(deng)(deng)手段來(lai)測定其(qi)(qi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。例如(ru)，對(dui)原材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)化學(xue)成分分析(xi)、對(dui)零部件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)物理性能(neng)測試(shi)等(deng)(deng)。只有產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)符(fu)合企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)，才能(neng)被企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)接受并用于生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)。 2. 品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)能(neng)力指數(shu)Ca、Cp、Cpk、Ppk、Cmk及其(qi)(qi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用 - 這些(xie)指數(shu)是衡(heng)量(liang)(liang)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)工(gong)具。Ca反映了過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)確度，Cp反映了過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)精密度，Cpk綜合考(kao)慮了準(zhun)確度和精密度等(deng)(deng)。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)可以(yi)(yi)通過計(ji)(ji)算這些(xie)指數(shu)來(lai)評(ping)(ping)估(gu)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是否(fou)(fou)穩定、是否(fou)(fou)能(neng)夠持續生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)出合格產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品。例如(ru)，在(zai)汽(qi)車制造(zao)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，對(dui)于關鍵零部件(jian)(jian)(jian)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)會(hui)要(yao)求其(qi)(qi)Cpk值達到一(yi)定水平(ping)，以(yi)(yi)確保(bao)零部件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)穩定性。 3. 品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)測量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)和程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序 - 抽(chou)(chou)(chou)樣(yang)(yang)計(ji)(ji)劃 - 抽(chou)(chou)(chou)樣(yang)(yang)計(ji)(ji)劃是在(zai)不能(neng)對(dui)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)所有產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品進(jin)行(xing)全面(mian)檢(jian)測時(shi)采(cai)用的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)有效方(fang)法(fa)。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)可以(yi)(yi)根據產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)特性、生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)批量(liang)(liang)等(deng)(deng)因(yin)素(su)制定合理的(de)(de)(de)抽(chou)(chou)(chou)樣(yang)(yang)計(ji)(ji)劃。例如(ru)，按照一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)抽(chou)(chou)(chou)樣(yang)(yang)比例從(cong)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品批次中抽(chou)(chou)(chou)取樣(yang)(yang)本(ben)進(jin)行(xing)檢(jian)測，如(ru)果樣(yang)(yang)本(ben)合格則判定整批產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品合格。這樣(yang)(yang)既可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)一(yi)定程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度上(shang)保(bao)證產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)監控，又(you)能(neng)節省(sheng)檢(jian)測成本(ben)和時(shi)間。
四、其他(ta)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)內容 1. 供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng) - 對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)新(xin)(xin)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評估(gu)，企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈管(guan)(guan)理(li)（SCM）部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門會建立評估(gu)計劃。新(xin)(xin)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)發可(ke)能基于(yu)(yu)多種(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)，如(ru)新(xin)(xin)機(ji)種(zhong)(zhong)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)新(xin)(xin)類(lei)型(xing)材料(liao)而現有(you)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)無法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、現有(you)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)被(bei)淘汰需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)增補、現有(you)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能不能滿足需(xu)求等(deng)(deng)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)評估(gu)過程中(zhong)(zhong)，會對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)方(fang)面(mian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行審(shen)(shen)查，以確保(bao)其有(you)能力提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)符(fu)合要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品。 2. SQM程序 - SQM（Supplier Quality Management）程序包括預(yu)防(fang)、品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)監控(kong)(kong)等(deng)(deng)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)預(yu)防(fang)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)，企(qi)(qi)業要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)采(cai)取(qu)措(cuo)施(shi)防(fang)止(zhi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)出現質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)問(wen)(wen)題；在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)確保(bao)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)符(fu)合要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求；在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)監控(kong)(kong)環(huan)(huan)節(jie)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)持續對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)表現進(jin)(jin)(jin)行跟蹤監測。例(li)(li)如(ru)，通(tong)(tong)過定(ding)(ding)(ding)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)審(shen)(shen)核、產(chan)(chan)(chan)品抽檢等(deng)(deng)方(fang)式(shi)來(lai)實現對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監控(kong)(kong)。 3. 質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)與改進(jin)(jin)(jin)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa) - 質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)面(mian)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學習(xi)抽樣(yang)檢驗、過程控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、統計分(fen)析(xi)等(deng)(deng)基本(ben)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)(he)(he)技(ji)(ji)術。例(li)(li)如(ru)，通(tong)(tong)過過程控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)圖來(lai)監控(kong)(kong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過程是(shi)(shi)否(fou)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)改進(jin)(jin)(jin)方(fang)面(mian)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)了(le)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)圈(quan)、六(liu)西格瑪、PDCA循環(huan)(huan)等(deng)(deng)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)(he)(he)工具。企(qi)(qi)業可(ke)以和(he)(he)(he)(he)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)一起運用(yong)這些(xie)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)來(lai)不斷提(ti)(ti)高產(chan)(chan)(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。例(li)(li)如(ru)，通(tong)(tong)過PDCA循環(huan)(huan)（計劃、執行、檢查、處理(li)）不斷優化供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過程。 4. 缺陷管(guan)(guan)理(li)、客(ke)戶(hu)滿意(yi)度等(deng)(deng) - 在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)缺陷管(guan)(guan)理(li)方(fang)面(mian)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)準確、及時地(di)記錄、分(fen)類(lei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)解(jie)決(jue)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品或(huo)服務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷問(wen)(wen)題，并(bing)分(fen)析(xi)其根本(ben)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)客(ke)戶(hu)滿意(yi)度，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)了(le)解(jie)如(ru)何測量(liang)(liang)并(bing)根據(ju)反饋結果(guo)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行改進(jin)(jin)(jin)。企(qi)(qi)業和(he)(he)(he)(he)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)都要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)關注客(ke)戶(hu)滿意(yi)度，因(yin)為最(zui)終產(chan)(chan)(chan)品是(shi)(shi)面(mian)向(xiang)客(ke)戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)果(guo)客(ke)戶(hu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品不滿意(yi)，可(ke)能是(shi)(shi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材料(liao)或(huo)零部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)問(wen)(wen)題，所以要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)共同努力提(ti)(ti)升客(ke)戶(hu)體(ti)(ti)驗。 5. 團隊合作(zuo)與溝通(tong)(tong)、過程管(guan)(guan)理(li)等(deng)(deng) - 在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)中(zhong)(zhong)，團隊合作(zuo)與溝通(tong)(tong)也非(fei)常重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。企(qi)(qi)業內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)購、品管(guan)(guan)、研(yan)發等(deng)(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門與供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之間要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)持良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溝通(tong)(tong)與合作(zuo)。例(li)(li)如(ru)，研(yan)發部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門將(jiang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求準確傳達給供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，采(cai)購部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)門與供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)協調交貨期等(deng)(deng)。過程管(guan)(guan)理(li)則是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)各個(ge)工作(zuo)過程進(jin)(jin)(jin)行管(guan)(guan)理(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)優化，確保(bao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品或(huo)服務質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)性和(he)(he)(he)(he)持續改進(jin)(jin)(jin)。 6. 內審(shen)(shen)與認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)、風險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)等(deng)(deng) - 企(qi)(qi)業要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)掌握內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)審(shen)(shen)核的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)(he)(he)技(ji)(ji)巧，為質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)(gong)(gong)支(zhi)持和(he)(he)(he)(he)準備。同時，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)了(le)解(jie)風險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)理(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，預(yu)防(fang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)可(ke)能出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)問(wen)(wen)題。例(li)(li)如(ru)，通(tong)(tong)過風險(xian)評估(gu)識別供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)可(ke)能存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)風險(xian)，如(ru)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)材料(liao)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)中(zhong)(zhong)斷風險(xian)、質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)不穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)風險(xian)等(deng)(deng)，并(bing)采(cai)取(qu)相應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行防(fang)范。 7. 數(shu)據(ju)分(fen)析(xi)與決(jue)策 - 企(qi)(qi)業要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學會利(li)用(yong)數(shu)據(ju)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行分(fen)析(xi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)決(jue)策，以支(zhi)持質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效運行。例(li)(li)如(ru)，通(tong)(tong)過對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)數(shu)據(ju)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行分(fen)析(xi)，評估(gu)其質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)趨勢，從(cong)而決(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)繼續合作(zuo)或(huo)者調整合作(zuo)策略等(deng)(deng)。
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